Quran gives rules for inheritance with specific mathematical fractions "of the estate" for specific heirs Quran 4:11-12, Quran 4:176.
Woman dies leaving husband and two sisters.
You can't give away more than 100% of your estate. The Quran provides no resolution for this.
Allah made Jesus' crucifixion "appear so" Quran 4:157
That appearance produced Christianity: a global religion Islam says sends sincere believers to hell.
So how can Muslims trust that Jibreel's revelation of the Quran to Muhammad (another supernatural appearance) wasn't another deception from Allah that produced another damnable religion: Islam?
Quran 18:86 in Arabic word for word creates two independent problems:
In Quran 18:90, Dhul Qarnayn travels to a different place and reaches (balagha) "the rising place of the sun" (maṭliʿa l-shamsi).
Muhammad directly says in a hadith, considered authentic in chain, that the sun sets in a spring:
"I was sitting behind the Messenger of Allah who was riding a donkey while the sun was setting. He asked: Do you know where this sets? I replied: Allah and his Apostle know best. He said: It sets in a spring of warm water (Hamiyah)." Sunan Abu Dawud 4002
A poem in Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad, attributed to the pre-Islamic king Tubba, describes this as well:
"He saw where the sun sinks from view"
"In a pool of mud and fetid slime" Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, p. 12
Historians trace the Quranic character Dhul Qarnayn to a legend about Alexander the Great circulating around Muhammad's time, the Syriac Alexander Legend, which also says this:
"So the whole camp mounted, and Alexander and his troops went up between the fetid sea and the bright sea to the place where the sun enters the window of heaven; for the sun is the servant of the Lord, and neither by night nor by day does he cease from his travelling. The place of his rising is over the sea, and the people who dwell there, when he is about to rise, flee away and hide themselves in the sea, that they be not burnt by his rays; and he passes through the midst of the heavens to the place where he enters the window of heaven... And when the sun enters the window of heaven, he straightway bows down and makes obeisance before God his Creator; and he travels and descends the whole night through the heavens, until at length he finds himself where he rises." Budge, Syriac Alexander Legend, p. 148
Tafsir al-Tabari preserves the debate between the salaf over whether the spring where the sun sets is muddy or warm. Tabari says both readings are correct because the sun could set in a spring that is both hot and muddy.
(the setting-place of the sun, he found it setting in a muddy spring). The readers differed on how to read this. Some of the readers of Madina and Basra read it as (in a muddy spring), meaning that the sun sets in a spring that contains mud. While a group of the readers of Medina and the majority of the people of Kufa read it as, (in a warm spring) meaning that the sun sets in a spring of warm water. The people of commentary have differed on the meaning of this depending on the way they read the verse.
Muhammad b. Al-Muthanna ← Ibn Abi Uday ← Dawud ← Ikrimah ← Ibn Abbas: (and he found it setting in a muddy spring) he said: In black mud.
Ibn al-Muthanna ← Abd al-Ala ← Dawud ← Ikrimah on the authority of Ibn Abbas, that he recited: (in a muddy spring) he said: it is black mud.
Al-Husayn b. Al-Junayd ← Sayd b. Salamah ← Ismail b. Aliyah ← Uthman b. Hadir: I heard Abdullah b. Abbas said: Muawiyah recited this verse, and he said (warm spring) and Ibn Abbas said: it is (muddy spring). He said: So they sent to Ka'b Al-Ahbar and asked him. Ka'b said: As for the sun, it disappears in 'Thatin', which matched what Ibn Abbas said, and the word tha'at means "mud".
Yunus ← Ibn Wahb ← Nafi' b. Abu Na'im ← Abd Al-Rahim Al'Araj: Ibn Abbas used to speak about the muddy spring and would pronounce the word as (in a muddy spring) then he explained it as black mud. Nafi' said that Ka'b was asked about it and he said: "You are more knowledgeable in the Quran than I am, but I find it in the Book disappearing in black mud."
Muhammad b. Saad ← his father ← His uncle ← his father ← his father ← Ibn Abbas: (and he found it setting in a muddy spring) he said: it is black mud.
Muhammad b. Amr ← Abu Asim ← Issa ← Ibn Abi Najih ← Mujahid: (in a muddy spring). He said: black mud.
Al-Qasim ← Al-Husayn ← Hajjaj ← Ibn Jurayj ← Mujahid: (it setting in a muddy spring). he said: mud.
He said: And Amr b. Dinar ← Ata b. Abi Rabah ← Ibn Abbas: I read (in a muddy spring) And Amr bin Al-Aas recited (in a warm spring), so we were sent to Ka'b. He said: It sets into black mud.
Bishr ← Yazid ← Sayd ← Qatadah: (setting in a muddy spring) and the mud: the black mud.
Muhammad b. 'Abd al-A'laa ← Marwan b. Mu'awiya ← Warqa ← Sayd b. Jubayr: Ibn 'Abbas used to read this letter (In a muddy spring) and he said: Black mud that the sun sets in.
Ali ← Abdullah ← Muawiyah ← Ali ← Ibn Abbas (he found it setting in a warm spring) and he said: In a hot spring.
Yaqub ← Ibn Aliyah ← Abu Raja ← al-Hasan: (In a warm spring) he said: it is hot.
Al-Hasan ← Abd al-Razzaq ← Mamar: al-Hasan regarding (In a hot spring) he said: It is hot. al-Hasan also read it this way.
Question: Why is "Dhul Qarnayn" Quran 18:83, meaning "The Two-Horned One", called by that name?
"thou hast made me horns upon my head, wherewith I might thrust down the kingdoms of the world"Budge, Syriac Alexander Legend, p. 146
Because God gave Alexander horns on his head as weapons to destroy kingdoms.
Question: What is the significance of Dhul Qarnayn "finding [the sun] rising over a people for whom We had made no shelter from it" Quran 18:90?
"the people who dwell there, when he is about to rise, flee away and hide themselves in the sea, that they be not burnt by his rays ... as soon as they see the sun passing [over them], men and birds flee away from before him and hide in the caves, for rocks are rent (split) by his blazing heat and fall down"Budge, Syriac Alexander Legend, p. 148
The sun's heat at its rising place is so intense it splits rocks. The people living there have no shelter and must hide in caves.
Question: Why does Dhul Qarnayn punish wrongdoers living at the setting place of the sun: "Whoever does wrong will be punished by us" Quran 18:87?
"Now Alexander thought within himself, 'If it be true as they say, that everyone who comes near the foetid sea dies, it is better that these who are guilty of death should die'"Budge, Syriac Alexander Legend, p. 148
Because Alexander used those guilty of death, condemned criminals, to test the fetid sea and confirm it was lethal.
Same motif across the Syriac Alexander Legend and the hadiths: the sun enters the sea/spring, then bows/prostrates before God. Budge, Syriac Alexander Legend, p. 148 Sunan Abu Dawud 4002 Sahih Bukhari 3199
Dhul Qarnayn passage in Quran 18:83-98 (only 16 verses).
Secular scholarship:
"Thus, quite strikingly, almost every element of this short Qur'anic tale finds a more explicit and detailed counterpart in the Syriac Alexander Legend." Van Bladel, p. 181
"Could the Syriac text have its source in the Qur'an? If this were the case, then the Syriac text would have to be seen as a highly expanded version of the Qur'anic account... However, the Syriac text contains no references to the Arabic language the type of which one might expect to find if its purpose was to explain an Arabic text, and it is impossible to see why a Syriac apocalypse written around 630 would be drawing on an Arabic tradition some years before the Arab conquests, when the community at Mecca was far from well known outside Arabia. Moreover, the very specific political message of the Alexander Legend would not make any sense in this scenario. This possibility must therefore be discounted." Van Bladel, p. 189
Video sources: English video Arabic video
Credible hadiths show there were originally multiple variants of the Quran but caliph Uthman burned the other ones:
The Sanaa manuscript is a parchment with two different versions of the Quran found in Yemen in 1972 and radiocarbon dated to 578-669 CE. The first version was scraped off and a second (the modern Quran) was written over it. Under ultraviolet light, both are visible.
Compare verse Quran 9:18 in the Sanaa vs. Quran:
lines 4-6 pg. 56 Folio 6A.
Sadeghi et al. "Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān."
(Harvard/Stanford)
Verse Quran 9:18 in the Quran has two independent substitutions in the same direction from Sanaa 1:
The Sanaa 1 variants also match the surrounding verses and Surah 9 which are about jihad and fighting disbelievers.
The modern Quran is a product of Uthmanic state-enforced standardization. Viable and meaningful pre-Uthmanic variants survive in Sanaa. This eliminates knowledge of perfect preservation: it's just the variant that survived the fire.
Quotes from the original Harvard/Stanford study and another Oxford study on it being a complete variant mushaf rather than student notes:
"As the only known extant copy from a textual tradition beside the standard 'Uthmanic one, it has the greatest potential of any known manuscript to shed light on the early history of the scripture. Comparing it with parallel textual traditions provides a unique window onto the initial state of the text from which the different traditions emerged." Sadeghi et al. "Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān." (Harvard/Stanford)
"It seems, then, that the lower layer of the palimpsest, whether or not it included the full text of the Quran as presently known, contained a run of entire suras arranged in a way that was commonly applied in quranic codices. Such a sequential succession of verses and suras is not what one would expect of a disparate selection of quranic material copied out as a scribal exercise, but is entirely consonant with the process of producing a complete scriptural codex (muṣḥaf). ... It seems preponderantly likely, hence, that the scribe or scribes who produced both layers of the palimpsest were engaged in the project of copying out an entire Quran." Nicolai Sinai, "Beyond the Cairo Edition," JAOS 140.1, p. 204
The palimpsest logic: If you write something in pencil, erase it, and write over it in pen, the erased text underneath is older than the text written over it.
Marwan burned the original, Hafsa's manuscript, because he was afraid of us checking it, eliminating verification of preservation:
"Marwan used to send to Hafsa asking her about the scrolls from which the Qur'an was written, but Hafsa refused to give them to him. Salim said: When Hafsa died and we returned from burying her, Marwan sent a firm message to Abdullah bin Umar, ordering him to send those scrolls to him. Abdullah bin Umar sent them to him, and Marwan ordered them to be torn up. Marwan said: I only did this because what was in them had already been written down and preserved in the Quran, and I feared that if time passed, someone might doubt the authenticity of these scrolls, or say that some of them were not written down. Its chain of narration is authentic." Ibn Kathir, The Virtues of the Qur'an, p. 85
The Hafsa codex audit: If Hafsa's manuscript perfectly matched Uthman's standardized version, why destroy the source material? You do not burn the audit trail unless the audit trail can become a problem.
Great reciter and companion Abdullah bin Mas'ud disagreed and told people to conceal their Qurans from the burning:
"Once Abdullah bin Mas'ud delivered a sermon before us and said, 'By Allah, I learnt over seventy Suras direct from Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). By Allah, the companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) came to know that I am one of those who know Allah's Book best of all of them, yet I am not the best of them.' Shaqiq added: I sat in his religious gathering and I did not hear anybody opposing him (in his speech)." Sahih Bukhari 5000
"Abdullah bin Mas'ud said: 'O people of Al-'Iraq! Keep the Musahif that are with you, and conceal them. For indeed Allah said: And whoever conceals something, he shall come with what he concealed on the Day of Judgement Quran 3:161. So meet Allah with the Musahif.'" Az-Zuhri said: "It was conveyed to me that some men amongst the most virtuous of the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) disliked that view of Ibn Mas'ud." Jami` at-Tirmidhi 3104
In a hasan (good) hadith, Aisha narrates a sheep ate a page of revealed verses.
"The Verse of stoning and of breastfeeding an adult ten times was revealed, and the paper was with me under my pillow. When the Messenger of Allah died, we were preoccupied with his death, and a tame sheep came in and ate it." Sunan Ibn Majah 1944
"A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that it had been revealed in the Holy Qur'an that ten clear sucklings make the marriage unlawful, then it was abrogated (and substituted) by five sucklings and Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) died and it was before that time (found) in the Holy Qur'an (and recited by the Muslims)." Sahih Muslim 1452a
Umar said, "I am afraid that after a long time has passed, people may say, 'We do not find the Verses of the Rajam (stoning to death) in the Holy Book,' and consequently they may go astray by leaving an obligation that Allah has revealed. Lo! I confirm that the penalty of Rajam be inflicted on him who commits illegal sexual intercourse, if he is already married and the crime is proved by witnesses or pregnancy or confession." Sufyan added, "I have memorized this narration in this way." Umar added, "Surely Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) carried out the penalty of Rajam, and so did we after him." Sahih Bukhari 6829
Yasir Qadhi, Yale-trained Muslim scholar and major mainstream Salafi voice, openly conceded that the standard narrative of perfect preservation has holes in it, calling it a "crisis at Yale":
"To be very explicit, the standard narrative has holes in it. To pretend that there are no holes would be intellectually dishonest. ... I had a crisis at Yale because of these issues." Yasir Qadhi video interview
Quran's and the hadith's description of embryonic and fetal development has at least three errors:
Quran 23:14 gives the order of embryonic development but says flesh comes after bones.
"Then We made the sperm-drop into a clinging clot, and We made the clot into a lump [of flesh], and We made [from] the lump, bones, and We covered the bones with flesh; then We developed him into another creation. So blessed is Allāh, the best of creators." Quran 23:14
But there is never a point where an embryo is just a skeleton without flesh.
Sahih (authentic) hadiths say women have a "thin and yellow" discharge and that the child resembles whoever discharges first.
"Man's discharge (i.e. sperm) is thick and white and the discharge of woman is thin and yellow" Sahih Muslim 311
"If a man has sexual intercourse with his wife and gets discharge first, the child will resemble the father, and if the woman gets discharge first, the child will resemble her." Sahih Bukhari 3329
But women have no "thin and yellow" discharge that contributes to the child's resemblance. And the child's resemblance is based on genetics not who discharges first.
Sahih (authentic) hadith says fetuses are a clot of blood from 40-80 days and a piece of flesh from 80-120 days.
Sahih Bukhari 3208
- "a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days [0-40 days],
- and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period [40-80 days],
- and then a piece of flesh for a similar period [80-120 days]"
But between days 40-80 fetuses aren't a blood clot - they develop fingers and toes. Between 80-120 days, aren't a lump of flesh - they develop bones.
The 40-40-40 timeline is reinforced by independent hadith and tafsir traditions specifying that the nutfah (sperm/drop) itself remains as a nutfah for 40 nights, before transitioning to the next stage.
Miriam, Moses' sister, had a father named Amram and brother named Aaron. Miriam and Jesus' mother Mary share the same name in Semitic languages: Miryam. But Mary lived 1400 years later.
Yet, the Quran says Mary was born to "the wife of Imran" Quran 3:35-36, is "daughter of Imran" Quran 66:12, and "sister of Aaron" Quran 19:28.
Christians found the "sister of Aaron" problem during Muhammad's lifetime and he responded:
"They used to give names after the names of apostles and pious persons who had gone before them" Sahih Muslim 2135
But he never explains why her father is Imran or why the Quran has a birth narrative of Imran's wife giving birth to Mary. Quran 3:35-37
Quran 3:35-37 contains at least two errors.
Mary, Jesus' mother, according to the Quran:
This is all true for Moses' sister Miriam in the Bible, who lived 1400 years earlier. And it is recorded NOWHERE other than the Quran, even though Mary lived 600 years before Muhammad.
In Mary's Quran 3:35-37 birth narrative, Imran's wife pledges Mary to the Temple and Mary grows up there. This is historically contradictory and found only in the 2nd-century non-canonical Protoevangelium of James.
"The story of Mary's childhood as given in the Protevangelium has no parallel in the New Testament, and reference to a nine-year stay in the Temple of Jerusalem contradicts Jewish customs." Encyclopaedia Britannica, Protevangelium of James
And even the Protoevangelium does not botch Mary's family: her father is Joachim and her mother is Anna.
So in just three verses Quran 3:35-37, the Quran makes two errors:
"Having heard a Mary mentioned in the story of Moses and another in the story of Jesus, it did not occur to him to distinguish between them." DAVID SAMUEL MARGOLIOUTH, MOHAMMED AND THE RISE OF ISLAM, P. 61
The Trinity is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. But the Quran refutes the Trinity by saying:
"Those who say, 'Allah is one in a Trinity,' have certainly fallen into disbelief ... The Messiah, son of Mary, was no more than a messenger... His mother was a woman of truth. They both ate food" Quran 5:73-75 then has Allah ask Jesus: "Did you tell people to take you and your mother as two gods besides Allah?" Quran 5:116.
The standard apologetic move is to claim Quran 5:73-75 + Quran 5:116 isn't really refuting the actual Christian Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) but some other heretical sect. Three top-tier classical authorities - including Muhammad's own cousin and the Quran's most authoritative early interpreter - read it the way critics do: Allah, Mary, Jesus.
"This refers to the Trinity: Allah, may He be exalted, and His wife and His son." Tafsir al-Qurtubi
"With regard to what the Quran says about what the Christians said, 'Allah is the third of the three (in a Trinity)', the commentators said that it refers to Allah, the Messiah and his mother, as Allah." Ibn Taymiyyah, Majmu' al-Fatawa, cited at IslamQA
"Mujahid and several others said that this Ayah was revealed about Christians in particular. As-Suddi and others said that this Ayah was revealed about taking 'Isa and his mother as gods besides Allah, thus making Allah the third in a trinity." Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Quran 5:73
Islam accuses the canonical gospels of corruption. But secular historians trace the Quran's Jesus stories to later legends like those in the 2nd century Infancy Gospel of Thomas, which they consider far less credible than the canonical gospels.
So ironically, Islam calls the more reliable gospels corrupt while drawing from the actual corruptions.
"And [make him (Jesus)] a messenger to the Children of Israel, [who will say], 'Indeed I have come to you with a sign from your Lord in that I design for you from clay [that which is] like the form of a bird, then I breathe into it and it becomes a bird by permission of Allah." Quran 3:49
"when Allah will say, 'O Jesus, Son of Mary, remember […] when you designed from clay [what was] like the form of a bird with My permission, then you breathed into it, and it became a bird with My permission'" Quran 5:110
"When the boy Jesus was five years old […] He then made soft clay and shaped it into twelve sparrows. […] But Jesus simply clapped his hands and shouted to the sparrows: 'Be off, fly away, and remember me, you who are now alive!' And the sparrows took off and flew away noisily." Infancy Gospel of Thomas
A pre-Quranic fragment (dated by scholars to the 4th/5th century) we have of the infancy gospel preserves this story. 4th-5th century papyrus of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas
Muhammad made multiple time-bound predictions about al-Sā'ah (the Hour / apocalypse) that have provably failed.
(anything in parenthesis or like "X said this meant" was added later and "to you" isn't in the original Arabic)
"I saw Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) pointing with his index and middle fingers, saying, 'The time of my Advent and the Hour are like these two fingers.'" Sahih Bukhari 4936
Muhammad said this about three separate young boys in his lifetime.
"If this young boy lives, he may not grow very old till (he would see) the Last Hour (al-Sā'ah) coming." Sahih Muslim 2953a
"If this boy lives he would not grow very old till the Last Hour (al-Sā'ah) would come." Sahih Muslim 2953b
"Thereupon Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) said: If he lives long he would not grow very old till the Last Hour (al-Sā'ah) would come." Sahih Muslim 2953c
"If this (slave) should live long, he will not reach the geriatric old age, but the Hour (al-Sā'ah) will be established." Sahih Bukhari 6167
One month before his death:
"Allah's Messenger as saying this one month before his death: You asked me about the Last Hour (al-Sā'ah) whereas its knowledge is with Allah. I, however, take an oath and say that none upon the earth, the created beings, would survive at the end of one hundred years." Sahih Muslim 2538a
"Do you realize (the importance of) this night? Nobody present on the surface of the earth tonight will be living after the completion of one hundred years from this night." Sahih Bukhari 116
"The people made a mistake in grasping the meaning of this statement of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and they indulged in those things which are said about these narrators (i.e. some said that the Day of Resurrection will be established after 100 years etc.)" Sahih Bukhari 601
Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453. The Dajjal did not come.
"the outbreak of the great war will be at the conquest of Constantinople and the conquest of Constantinople when the Dajjal (Antichrist) comes forth. He (the Prophet) struck his thigh or his shoulder with his hand and said: This is as true as you are here or as you are sitting (meaning Mu'adh ibn Jabal)." Sunan Abu Dawud 4294
Symptoms of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) include muscle twitching/rigidity, facial flushing, lip smacking, confusion/fear, profuse sweating, depression/suicidal ideation and visual/auditory hallucinations.
Geschwind syndrome is a manifestation of TLE characterized by extreme verbal output, hyperreligiosity, altered sexuality and intensified mental life.
Credible hadiths describing Muhammad's revelations:
Less likely than a 7th century man in a cave getting revelation from the creator of the universe?
Humans have a genome that is 3.2 billion base pairs. Retroviruses are viruses that insert DNA into your genome at unpredictable locations. When this happens in egg and sperm cells, every descendant inherits that DNA at the exact same spot. Most are nonfunctional.
Humans, chimps and monkeys share thousands of identical insertions at the exact same positions. EACH of these happening without common ancestry is astronomically unlikely.
The probability of all these shared insertions arising independently at these exact same positions in this nested pattern is effectively zero without common ancestry.
According to Islam, the
Quran is the eternal book and Muhammad is the perfect example for all humanity for
eternity.
You bring them into the present, but we can't judge them by the present?
Quran 33:49: "O believers! If you marry believing women and then divorce them before you touch them, they will have no waiting period for you to count."
Quran 65:4: "As for your women past the age of menstruation, in case you do not know, their waiting period is three months, and those who have not menstruated as well."
Quran 4:24: "Also ˹forbidden are˺ married women - except ˹female˺ captives in your possession."
Quran 23:5-6: "those who guard their chastity except with their wives or those ˹bondwomen˺ in their possession, for then they are free from blame"
Quran 70:29-30: "those who guard their chastity except with their wives or those ˹bondwomen˺ in their possession, for then they are free from blame"
Safiya was a Jewish woman whose father and husband were killed by Muhammad's men. Muhammad liked how she looked so he took her and had sex with her on the way home. She became one of his "wives".
"The Prophet (ﷺ) had their warriors killed, their offspring and woman taken as captives. Safiya was amongst the captives, She first came in the share of Dahya Alkali but later on she belonged to the Prophet." Sahih Bukhari 4200
"We arrived at Khaibar, and when Allah helped His Apostle to open the fort, the beauty of Safiya bint Huyai bin Akhtaq whose husband had been killed while she was a bride, was mentioned to Allah's Apostle. The Prophet (ﷺ) selected her for himself and set out with her," Sahih Bukhari 4211
"The Prophet (ﷺ) stayed with Safiya bint Huyai for three days on the way of Khaibar where he consummated his marriage with her." Sahih Bukhari 4212
In sahih (authentic) hadiths, Aisha remembers marrying Muhammad at six, being taken off a swing at nine for sex with him and bringing her dolls (cited as proof she was prepubescent).
"Narrated Aisha: that the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old."
(consummate = sex to complete marriage) Sahih Bukhari 5133
"Narrated Aisha: My mother, Um Ruman, came to me while I was playing in a swing with some of my girl friends. She called me, and I went to her, not knowing what she wanted to do to me. Unexpectedly Allah's Apostle came to me in the forenoon and my mother handed me over to him, and at that time I was a girl of nine years of age." Sahih Bukhari 3894
"'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Allah's Apostle married her when she was seven years old, and he was taken to his house as a bride when she was nine, and her dolls were with her; and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old." Sahih Muslim 1422c
"Narrated Aisha: I used to play with the dolls in the presence of the Prophet, and my girl friends also used to play with me. (it was allowed for Aisha at that time, as she was a little girl, not yet reached the age of puberty.) (Fath-ul-Bari page 143, Vol.13)" Sahih Bukhari 6130
Muhammad's men wanted to have sex with women taken in war as captives. They asked Muhammad whether it was ok to pull out. Muhammad said it's better not to, because if God willed a baby, it would happen anyway.
"O Abu Sa'id, did you hear Allah's Messenger mentioning al-'azl? He said: Yes, and added: We went out with Allah's Messenger on the expedition to the Bi'l-Mustaliq and took captive some excellent Arab women; and we desired them, for we were suffering from the absence of our wives, (but at the same time) we also desired ransom for them. So we decided to have sexual intercourse with them but by observing 'azl (Withdrawing the male sexual organ before emission of semen to avoid-conception). But we said: We are doing an act whereas Allah's Messenger is amongst us; why not ask him? So we asked Allah's Messenger, and he said: It does not matter if you do not do it, for every soul that is to be born up to the Day of Resurrection will be born." Sahih Muslim 1438a
In a sahih (authentic) hadith, an "angel" seized Muhammad in a cave and crushed him three times until he "could not bear it anymore." He went home "twitching with terror," telling his wife Khadijah to cover him and asking her, "O Khadija, what is wrong with me?"
"(The Prophet (ﷺ) added), 'The angel caught me (forcefully) and pressed me so hard that I could not bear it anymore. He then released me and again asked me to read, and I replied, "I do not know how to read," whereupon he caught me again and pressed me a second time till I could not bear it anymore. He then released me and asked me again to read, but again I replied, "I do not know how to read (or, what shall I read?)." Thereupon he caught me for the third time and pressed me and then released me and said, "Read: In the Name of your Lord, Who has created (all that exists). Has created man from a clot. Read and Your Lord is Most Generous…up to….. ..that which he knew not." (96.15) Then Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) returned with the Inspiration, his neck muscles twitching with terror till he entered upon Khadija and said, "Cover me! Cover me!" They covered him till his fear was over and then he said, "O Khadija, what is wrong with me?"
"the Prophet (ﷺ) became so sad as we have heard that he intended several times to throw himself from the tops of high mountains and every time he went up the top of a mountain in order to throw himself down, Gabriel would appear before him and say, 'O Muhammad! You are indeed Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) in truth' whereupon his heart would become quiet and he would calm down and would return home. And whenever the period of the coming of the inspiration used to become long, he would do as before" Sahih Bukhari 6982
The Bukhari 6982 suicidality detail is not a one-off. The earliest biography (Ibn Ishaq) and the earliest Islamic universal history (al-Tabari) independently corroborate it - using Muhammad's own first-person narration.
"Now none of God's creatures was more hateful to me than an (ecstatic) poet or a man possessed: I could not even look at them. I thought, Woe is me poet or possessed - Never shall Quraysh say this of me! I will go to the top of the mountain and throw myself down that I may kill myself and gain rest. So I went forth to do so..." Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, p. 106
"He (Muhammad) said: I had been thinking of hurling myself down from a mountain crag, but he appeared to me, as I was thinking about this, and said, 'Muhammad, I am Gabriel and you are the Messenger of God.'" al-Tabari, History of al-Tabari, vol. 6, p. 68
Muhammad says that if a fly falls in your drink you should push it all the way in because one wing carries the disease and the other wing carries the cure. Dipping neutralizes it.
"The Prophet (ﷺ) said 'If a house fly falls in the drink of anyone of you, he should dip it (in the drink) and take it out, for one of its wings has a disease and the other has the cure for the disease.'" Sahih Bukhari 3320
In a sahih (authentic) hadith, Ali (Muhammad's cousin, son-in-law, and central figure of Shia Islam) burns people alive for leaving Islam but Ibn Abbas clarifies Muhammad said to kill them.
"But if they turn away, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them" Quran 4:89
"Some Zanadiqa (atheists) were brought to Ali and he burnt them. The news of this event, reached Ibn Abbas who said, 'If I had been in his place, I would not have burnt them, as Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade it, saying, "Do not punish anybody with Allah's punishment (fire)." I would have killed them according to the statement of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), 'Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.'" Sahih Bukhari 6922
In a sahih (authentic) hadith, Ali (Muhammad's cousin, son-in-law, and central figure of Shia Islam) took a captive girl from the war booty and had sex with her. When someone reported this, Muhammad said Ali deserves more.
"The Prophet (ﷺ) sent Ali to Khalid to bring the Khumus (of the booty) and I hated Ali, and Ali had taken a bath (after a sexual act with a slave-girl from the Khumus). I said to Khalid, 'Don't you see this (i.e. Ali)?' When we reached the Prophet (ﷺ) I mentioned that to him. He said, 'O Buraida! Do you hate Ali?' I said, 'Yes.' He said, 'Do you hate him, for he deserves more than that from the Khumus.'" Sahih Bukhari 4350
![Slide titled 'Disagreement on How to Fix Allah's Fractions'. Top half: 'Muhammad's Companion Ibn Abbas' - narrated that Muhammad embraced Ibn Abbas and said 'O Allah, teach him wisdom and the (correct) interpretation of the Book.' Sunan Ibn Majah 166, graded Sahih (Darussalam). Right side: Ibn Abbas said 'I was intimidated by [Umar], by God,' and Az-Zuhri said 'By God, were it not for the fact that he was preceded by a righteous imam [Umar], whose conduct was based on piety, no two scholars would have disagreed with Ibn Abbas.' (Al-Bayhaqi, al-Sunan al-Kubra, narration 12133.) Bottom half: 'Companion and 4th Caliph Ali (Shia)'. Ali suggested reducing Allah's fractions for the sisters/wife: Case 1 (Shia) 13/24 + 8/24 + 3/24 = 24/24, Case 2 (Shia) 3/6 + 3/6 = 6/6. But this also still contradicts Allah's fractions: Case 1 (Two Daughters) 2/3 of the estate (Quran) ≠ 13/24 of the estate (Shia); Case 2 (Two Sisters) 2/3 of the estate (Quran) ≠ 1/2 of the estate (Shia).](assets/image-04-cbb35a0e7a1c.png)